What is the diagnostic procedure used to evaluate esophageal cancer?

• A. CT scan
• B. Endoscopic ultrasound
• C. EGD
• D. Barium swallow

Answer: (C)

The diagnostic procedure commonly used to evaluate esophageal cancer is esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), also known as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. This procedure involves using a flexible tube with a camera, called an endoscope, to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine.

EGD allows for the detailed examination of the esophagus, identifying any abnormalities such as tumors, strictures, or ulcers that may suggest esophageal cancer. Additionally, during an EGD, biopsies can be taken from any suspicious lesions. This direct visualization combined with the capability to obtain tissue samples makes EGD a critical tool in the diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer, as it can confirm malignancy through histological examination.

Other methods like CT scans and endoscopic ultrasounds can provide valuable information and assist in staging the cancer or assessing metastasis but do not allow for the direct visualization and biopsy of lesions. Barium swallow studies can help identify structural abnormalities, but they are less definitive for diagnosing cancer than EGD.